THE AGE OF GREATNESS [1046-1305 A.D.]

A1 new era is inaugurated for the papacy. The power of the popes begins to overshadow that of the emperors.

21047 Clement summons a council to condemn the all-pervading vice of simony. Death of Clement. Benedict IX seizes the throne and holds it for nine months.

31048 Poppo, bishop of Brixen, =Damasus II=, appointed pope by the emperor. Benedict flees on his appearance. Damasus dies in less than a month. Hildebrand voices the objections of the Roman clergy as to the power of the emperor to appoint the popes. Bruno, bishop of Toul, =Leo IX=, is the imperial choice for the next pope.

41049 With the assistance of Hildebrand, Leo plans many reforms, including prohibition of marriage to the clergy, simony, etc. The synods of Rome, Rheims, and Mainz enact reformatory canons. Leo forms the college of cardinals.

51049-1051 Leo visits France and Germany.

61052 Third visit of Leo to Germany to mediate between Henry III and Andrew of Hungary.

71053 Campaign of Leo against the Normans. Capture of Leo at Civitella. Treaty of Hildebrand with Berengar of Tours.

81054 Leo returns to Rome and dies. Hildebrand goes to the emperor as plenipotentiary of the Roman clergy and people.

91055 Gebhard of Eichstadt, =Victor II=, Hildebrand’s candidate, made pope. He carries on Leo’s work of reform.

101056 Death of Henry III, leaving infant son, furthers plan of Hildebrand.

111057 The Romans reassert their right to create popes on death of Victor. Cardinal Frederick of Lorraine, =Stephen IX=, made pope.

121058 Stephen dies. Ignoring the empress Agnes, the Roman party makes Giovanni di Velletri, =Benedict X=, pope, getting the most lavish grants from him. The empress empowers Hildebrand to proceed with new election.

131059 Gerard, archbishop of Florence, =Nicholas II=, is elected and Benedict declared deposed. Hildebrand determines to deal a blow at the imperial prerogative. Second Lateran Council. The election of pope is vested solely with the cardinal-bishops. Simony and clerical marriage forbidden.

141061 Election of Anselmo Baggio, =Alexander II=, without consent of emperor, inaugurates the great struggle between pope and emperor. The imperial party calls a council at Bâle and elects Pietro Cadolaus _Honorius II_. He advances to Rome.

151063 The anti-pope driven by the Normans into the castle of St. Angelo, where he holds his position until

161064 when the fall of Adalbert crushes his last hopes. The schism is healed by Hanno, and Alexander universally acknowledged pope. Resistance to the decrees of celibacy is strong.

171073 Hildebrand, =Gregory VII=. His election is confirmed by the emperor. His main objects are the enforcement of celibacy among the clergy and the prohibition of investiture by the laity which is the great cause of simony. He demands that Henry IV shall acquiesce in all the newly assumed prerogatives of the papacy.

181075 Lay investiture prohibited. Breach between pope and Henry