Mencius
Confucian classic
Works Religion
New Age / Occult · philosophy
Mencius
Confucian classic
Language: Classical ChineseEra: 4th century BC
Open in ReaderDescription
Confucian dialogues and teachings attributed to Mencius.
Provenance
Public-domain metadata entry prepared for the Apocryphal catalog.
Christian Assessment
Moral works tradition, not salvation in Christ.
Table of Contents
Section 1THE HISTORIANS’ HISTORY OF THE WORLDOF THE WORLDTHE CRUSADES AND THE PAPACYCOPYRIGHT, 1904,PAGEHISTORY IN OUTLINE OF PARTHIANS, SASSANIDS, AND ARABS (250CHAPTER ICHAPTER IICHAPTER IIICHAPTER IVCHAPTER VCHAPTER VICHAPTER VIICHAPTER VIIICHAPTER IXCHAPTER XCHAPTER XICHAPTER XIIBOOK I. THE CRUSADESCHAPTER ICHAPTER IICHAPTER IIICHAPTER IVCHAPTER VCHAPTER VICHAPTER VIIAPPENDIXBOOK II. THE PAPACYCHAPTER I“THE NIGHT OF THE PAPACY”--CHARLEMAGNE TO OTTO THE GREATCHAPTER IIICHAPTER IVBASED CHIEFLY UPON THE FOLLOWING AUTHORITIESOF ARABIC HISTORYTHE TRIBAL LIFE OF THE EPIC PERIODTHE PRINCIPLES OF LAW IN ISLAMWITH ADDITIONAL CITATIONS FROMMARCELLINUS, J. A. ST. MARTIN, H. H. MILMAN,JOSEPH VON HAMMER-PURGSTALL,COPYRIGHT, 1904,PARTHIANS, SASSANIDS, AND ARABSBY DR. TH. NÖLDEKEARABS PAST AND PRESENTTHE NAME OF ARABTHE ARABS AND THEIR NEIGHBOURSARAB CIVILISATIONTHE KOREISH OF MECCAARAB POETRYRELIGION OF THE ANCIENT ARABSMOHAMMEDSUCCESSORS OF MOHAMMEDMOSLEM CONQUESTSCIVIL WARS AMONG THE MOSLEMSINFLUENCE OF PERSIA ON THE MOSLEMSARAB RECORDS AND TRADITIONSARAB LEARNINGINFLUENCE OF THE ARABS UPON EUROPELATER EVENTS OF ARABIC CIVILIZATIONLATER ISLAMITE MOVEMENTSFOOTNOTESHISTORY IN OUTLINE OF PARTHIANS, SASSANIDS, AND ARABS(250 B.C.-228 A.D.)XI.THE EMPIRE OF THE SASSANIDSTHE PRE-MOHAMMEDAN ERATHE KINGDOM OF HIRA (195-610 A.D.)THE KINGDOM OF GHASSAN (300-636 A.D.)THE KINGDOM OF KINDEHTHE MUSTAREB KINGDOMSTHE KINGDOM OF NABATÆAMOHAMMED AND HIS SUCCESSORS (570-661 A.D.)THE OMAYYAD DYNASTY (661-750 A.D.)THE ABBASID DYNASTY (750-1258 A.D.)THE MOHAMMEDANS IN SPAIN (711-1492 A.D.)THE OMAYYAD DYNASTY (756-1031 A.D.)THE INDEPENDENT KINGDOMS, OR EMIRATES (1031-1091 A.D.)THE ALMORAVID DYNASTY (1091-1146 A.D.)THE ALMOHAD DYNASTY (1146-1232 A.D.)THE KINGDOM OF GRANADA (1238-1492 A.D.)THE FATIMITE DYNASTY OF EGYPT (908-1171 A.D.)THE KINGDOM OF ARMENIA (189 B.C.-1375 A.D.)CHAPTER I. THE PARTHIAN EMPIREJUSTIN’S ACCOUNT OF THE PARTHIANSTHEIR CUSTOMSSELEUCUS AND ARSACESWARS WITH ROMEMODERN ACCOUNTS OF PARTHIATHE PARTHIAN EMPIREARSACES AND THE ARSACIDSPARTHIAN CUSTOMSBACTRIA AND PARTHIA CONSOLIDATECONQUESTS OF MITHRIDATESMEDIA AND BABYLONIA CONQUEREDPARTHIAN “KINGDOMS”SCYTHIAN CONQUEST OF BACTRIATHE SCYTHIANS RAVAGE PARTHIAFIRST CONFLICT WITH ROMEORODES DEFEATS THE ROMANSPLUTARCH’S ACCOUNT OF THE BATTLE OF CARRHÆPHRAATES IV REPELS MARK ANTONYANARCHY IN PARTHIATHE ROMANS INTERVENETHE DECAY OF PARTHIAN GREATNESSPERSIA CONQUERS PARTHIAFOOTNOTESCHAPTER II. THE EMPIRE OF THE SASSANIDSSASSANIAN POWERSAPOR FIGHTS ROMETHE WAR WITH PALMYRAA NEW WAR WITH ROMEARDASHIR II TO BAHRAM IVTHE RULE OF YEZDEGERD ITHE ARABS AID IN WAR WITH ROMEWAR WITH THE HEPHTHALITESKAVADH INEW CONFLICT WITH ROMEEXPLOITS OF MUNDHIRCHOSROES “THE JUST”CHOSROES ATTACKS ROMEHORMUZD IVCIVIL WARVICES OF CHOSROES IICONFLICT WITH HERACLIUS; FALL OF CHOSROES IISUCCESSORS OF CHOSROES IIANARCHY AND CHAOSARAB INCURSIONSARAB CONQUESTFOOTNOTESCHAPTER III. EARLY HISTORY OF THE ARABSARAB HISTORY BEFORE MOHAMMEDMOHAMMED BEN ABDALLAH BEN ABDUL-MUTTALIBRELIGIOUS UNRESTMOHAMMED’S LIFEHIS MARRIAGE WITH KHADIJAMOHAMMED AS A PROPHET (610 OR 612 A.D.)MOHAMMED AN OUTLAWTHE HEGIRA (622 A.D.)THE BATTLE OF BEDR (624 A.D.)BATTLE OF OHOD (MARCH, 625 A.D.)EXPEDITION AGAINST THE JEWS (626 A.D.)SIEGE OF MEDINA, EXTERMINATION OF THE JEWS (627-628 A.D.)MOHAMMED’S PILGRIMAGE TO MECCA (629 A.D.)SUBJECTION OF MECCA (630 A.D.)THE VICTORY OF HONAIN AND AUTASTHE LAST YEARS OF MOHAMMED’S LIFE (630-632 A.D.)GIBBON’S ESTIMATE OF MOHAMMED AND MOHAMMEDANISMFOOTNOTESABU BEKR, FIRST CALIPH AFTER MOHAMMEDTHE CALIPH OMARTHE CONQUEST OF PERSIATHE SYRIAN CONQUEST COMPLETEDEGYPT CAPTURED (639 A.D.)THE ALLEGED BURNING OF THE LIBRARYOTHMAN, THE THIRD CALIPHALI (656-661 A.D.)FOOTNOTESFOUNDATION OF THE OMAYYADSYAZID MADE CALIPHSIEGE OF MECCAABDUL-MALIK, CALIPH (685-705 A.D.)SIEGE OF MECCATHE EASTERN CALIPHATESULEIMAN’S AMBITIONSTHE LAST OMAYYADS (717-750 A.D.)CHAPTER VII. THE ARABS IN EUROPETHE INVASION OF FRANCEFOOTNOTESCHAPTER VIII. THE ABBASIDSFOUNDING OF BAGHDAD (762 A.D.)HARUN AR-RASHID (786-809 A.D.)AL-MAMUN AND HIS SUCCESSORSBAGHDAD UNDER THE CALIPHSGRADUAL DECLINE OF ARABIAN DOMINION IN THE EASTTHE VARIOUS RELIGIOUS SECTSTHE SELJUK TURKSARABS AND TURKS UNITE AGAINST THE CHRISTIANSSALADIN AND HIS SUCCESSORS AGAINST THE CRUSADERSTHE MONGOLS UNDER JENGHIZ KHAN INVADE WESTERN ASIAFOOTNOTESCHAPTER IX. THE DECLINE OF THE MOSLEMS IN SPAINALMANSORDECAY OF POWEREND OF THE OMAYYADSINDEPENDENT KINGDOMSTHE ALMORAVIDSDYNASTY OF THE ALMOHADSTHE BATTLE OF LAS NAVAS DE TOLOSA (1212 A.D.)THE DECLINE OF ARAB POWERTHE _KORAN_DOZY’S ESTIMATE OF THE _KORAN_DOCTRINE OF ISLAMISMTHE PILGRIMAGE TO MECCATHE HOLY WARARAB CULTURECOMMERCE AND INDUSTRYPAPER, COMPASS, AND GUNPOWDERINFLUENCE OF THE ARABS ON EUROPEAN CIVILISATIONSCHOLASTICISMMATHEMATICAL SCIENCEMEDICINEARCHITECTUREMUSICBY DR. JULIUS WELLHAUSEN[41]FOOTNOTESBY DR. I. GOLDZIHERFOOTNOTESBRIEF REFERENCE-LIST OF AUTHORITIES BY CHAPTERSCHAPTER I. THE PARTHIAN EMPIRECHAPTER II. THE EMPIRE OF THE SASSANIDSCHAPTER III. EARLY HISTORY OF THE ARABSCHAPTER IV. MOHAMMEDCHAPTER V. THE SPREAD OF ISLAMCHAPTER VI. THE OMAYYADSCHAPTER VII. THE ARABS IN EUROPECHAPTER VIII. THE ABBASIDSCHAPTER IX. THE DECLINE OF THE MOSLEMS IN SPAINCHAPTER X. ARAB CIVILISATIONBASED CHIEFLY UPON THE FOLLOWING AUTHORITIESMODERN HISTORYWITH ADDITIONAL CITATIONS FROMFREISING, THOMAS FULLER, GREGORY OF TOURS, GREGORY THEINFESSIORA, INNOCENT THE THIRD, JEAN DECOPYRIGHT, 1904,INTRODUCTORY ESSAY. THE VALUE OF THE CRUSADES IN THE LIGHTCHAPTER VII. CONSEQUENCES OF THE CRUSADES 467BOOK II.--THE PAPACYCHAPTER IV. FROM EXILE TO SUPREMACY 623BY THE REV. WILLIAM DENTON, M.A.[44]FOOTNOTESHISTORY IN OUTLINE OF THE CRUSADESTHE FIRST CRUSADE (1096-1099 A.D.)THE KINGDOM OF JERUSALEM (1099-1291 A.D.)THE COUNTY OF ANTIOCH (1099-1268 A.D.)THE COUNTY OF TRIPOLIS (1109-1289 A.D.)THE COUNTY OF EDESSA (1097-1146 A.D.)THE SECOND CRUSADE (1147-1149 A.D.)THE THIRD CRUSADE (1189-1192 A.D.)THE FOURTH CRUSADE (1195-1198 A.D.)THE FIFTH CRUSADE (1201-1204 A.D.)THE CHILDREN’S CRUSADE (1212 A.D.)THE SIXTH CRUSADE (1217-1229 A.D.)THE SEVENTH CRUSADE (1239-1240 A.D.)THE EIGHTH CRUSADE (1248-1254 A.D.)THE NINTH CRUSADE (1270-1272 A.D.)FOOTNOTESCHAPTER I. ORIGIN OF THE CRUSADESEARLY CHRISTIAN PILGRIMAGESJERUSALEM UNDER THE SARACENSCHARACTER OF THE PILGRIMSTHE TURKS IN POWERPETER THE HERMITTHE APPEAL OF THE EMPEROR ALEXIUSCOUNCILS OF PLACENTIA AND CLERMONTTHE FRENZY OF EUROPEFOOTNOTESCHAPTER II. THE FIRST CRUSADEPETER THE HERMIT AND HIS RABBLETHE LEADERS OF THE FIRST CRUSADEALEXIUS COMPELS HOMAGENUMBERS OF THE CRUSADERSTHE SIEGE OF NICÆABATTLE OF DORYLÆUMPRINCIPALITY OF EDESSA FOUNDEDSIEGE OF ANTIOCHA TYPICAL MIRACLEJERUSALEM BESIEGEDTHE ARAB ACCOUNTGODFREY ELECTED KING (1099 A.D.)RESULTS OF THE FIRST CRUSADEFOOTNOTESCHAPTER III. THE SECOND CRUSADEST. BERNARDDISASTERS OF THE GERMANSTHE FRENCH FAILURETHE FALL OF THE KINGDOM OF JERUSALEMMOSLEM ACCOUNTS OF THE BATTLE OF TIBERIASTHE FALL OF JERUSALEMFOOTNOTESCHAPTER IV. THE THIRD CRUSADETHE SALADIN TITHEBARBAROSSA’S CRUSADE AND DEATHTHE SIEGE OF ACRE OR PTOLEMAIS (1189-1191 A.D.)GEOFFREY DE VINSAUF’S ACCOUNT OF ACRERICHARD’S VOYAGETHE FRENCH SAIL TO ACREDISSENSION BETWEEN THE FRENCH AND ENGLISH KINGSREVIEW OF THE SIEGETHE CRUSADERS MOVE ON JERUSALEMTHE ENTERPRISE ABANDONEDVINSAUF’S ACCOUNT OF RICHARD AT JOPPAPEACE BETWEEN THE KINGSEND AND REVIEW OF THE THIRD CRUSADEDEATH OF SALADIN; ARAB EULOGIESFOOTNOTESCHAPTER V. THE FOURTH TO THE SIXTH CRUSADESPOPE CELESTINE III PROMOTES A CRUSADE (1195 A.D.)THE FOURTH (OR GERMAN) CRUSADE (1195-1198 A.D.)THE FIFTH CRUSADE (1201-1204 A.D.)RESULTS OF THE FIFTH CRUSADETHE CHILDREN’S CRUSADE (1212 A.D.)THE SIXTH CRUSADE (1217-1229 A.D.)FOOTNOTESCHAPTER VI. THE LAST CRUSADESRICHARD OF CORNWALL’S CRUSADE (THE SEVENTH)THE TATAR CREVASSETHE CRUSADE OF ST. LOUIS (THE EIGHTH)THE BATTLE OF MANSURADE JOINVILLE’S ACCOUNT OF THE BATTLE OF MANSURARESULTS OF MANSURAST. LOUIS A PRISONERMOSLEM ACCOUNT OF ST. LOUIS’ CAPTURETHE CHRISTIANS QUARREL AMONG THEMSELVESHISTORY OF ANTIOCH (1206-1268 A.D.)RAVAGES OF BIBARSSECOND CRUSADE AND DEATH OF LOUIS IXPRINCE EDWARD LEAVES ENGLANDVAIN EFFORTS OF GREGORY XPROGRESS OF THE MAMELUKESTOTAL LOSS OF THE HOLY LANDFATE OF THE MILITARY ORDERSKNIGHTS OF ST. JOHNTHE TEMPLARS IN FRANCEIN OTHER COUNTRIESCOUNCIL AT VIENNETHE ORDER SUPPRESSEDTHE CRUSADES IN THE WESTTHE TEUTONIC CRUSADETHE ATTACK ON THE ALBIGENSESWESTERN ASSAULTS ON THE ARABSCOMPARISON OF THE TWO CRUSADESFOOTNOTESCHAPTER VII. CONSEQUENCES OF THE CRUSADESMORAL EFFECTSPOLITICAL EFFECTSINFLUENCE UPON COMMERCEENRICHMENT OF CITIESCOLONISATIONINFLUENCE ON INDUSTRYTHE MASONS ORGANISEGOTHIC ARCHITECTURESCULPTURE AND PAINTINGHERDER’S OPINION OF THE CRUSADESGIBBON ON THE RESULTS OF THE CRUSADESFOOTNOTESAPPENDIX. FEUDALISMBRYCE AND HEGEL ON FEUDALISMCOMMENCEMENT OF THE FEUDAL RÉGIMERECIPROCAL OBLIGATIONS OF VASSAL AND LORDFEUDAL JUSTICEECCLESIASTICAL FEUDALISMTHE CHURCH AND THE FEUDAL ARMYSERFS AND VILLEINSRESULTS THEREFROMGEOGRAPHIC OUTLINES OF THE KINGDOM OF GERMANYTHE TRANSITION FROM FEUDALISM TO MONARCHYPROGRESS IN GERMANYINFLUENCE OF GUNPOWDERMONARCHISM IN ITALYIN FRANCEIN ENGLANDTHE PAPACY AND FEUDALISMHEGEL ON THE RISE OF MANKIND THROUGH FEUDALISMFOOTNOTESBRIEF REFERENCE-LIST OF AUTHORITIES BY CHAPTERSCHAPTER I. ORIGIN OF THE CRUSADESCHAPTER II. THE FIRST CRUSADECHAPTER III. THE SECOND CRUSADECHAPTER IV. THE THIRD CRUSADECHAPTER V. THE FOURTH TO THE SIXTH CRUSADESCHAPTER VI. THE LAST CRUSADESCHAPTER VII. CONSEQUENCES OF THE CRUSADESAPPENDIX. FEUDALISMTHE BISHOPS OF ROME [42-590 A.D.]LEGISLATIVE POWER [590-867 A.D.]REFORM [867-1046 A.D.]THE AGE OF GREATNESS [1046-1305 A.D.]IV.III.THE “BABYLONISH CAPTIVITY” [1305-1378 A.D.]THE GREAT SCHISM OF THE WEST [1378-1417 A.D.]THE POPES FROM THE DEATH OF JULIUS II. [1513-1903 A.D.]CHAPTER I. ORIGIN AND RISE OF THE PAPACYROBES FROM ST. MEDARDTHE PAPACY IN CONNECTION WITH THE FRANKISH EMPIREGREGORY THE GREAT (590-604 A.D.)CHRISTIAN MYTHOLOGYWORSHIP OF THE VIRGINANGELS AND DEVILSMARTYRS AND RELICSSANCTITY OF THE CLERGYSTATE AFTER DEATHGREGORY’S SUCCESSORSDRAPER ON THE ORIGIN OF ICONOCLASMMILMAN ON ICONOCLASMTHE WAR OF ICONOCLASMJESUS CHRIST]CONSTANTINE COPRONYMUS (741-775 A.D.)THIRD COUNCIL OF CONSTANTINOPLE (746 A.D.)THE WAR ON MONASTERIESHELENA AND IRENESECOND COUNCIL OF NICÆA (787 A.D.)FOOTNOTESCHAPTER II. “THE NIGHT OF THE PAPACY”--CHARLEMAGNE TO OTTO THE GREATINDEPENDENCE OF THE ROMAN BISHOPSTHE APPEAL TO THE FRANKSCHARLEMAGNE AND THE POPETHE DONATION FROM CONSTANTINEBY QUEEN ELIZABETH TO SIR JOHN FORTESCUE]CHARLEMAGNE’S THIRD AND FOURTH ENTRANCES INTO ITALYTHE REALM OF THE POPESTHE TRIAL OF THE POPE AND THE CROWNING OF CHARLEMAGNEPAPAL AMBITION AFTER CHARLEMAGNETHE MYTH OF THE WOMAN POPERIVALRY OF NICHOLAS AND PHOTIUSSYNOD AT CONSTANTINOPLETHE _FALSE DECRETALS_ADRIAN IIPOPE FORMOSUSTHEODORA IN POWERTHE INFAMOUS MAROZIAREBELLION OF ROMEPOPE JOHN XIITRIAL OF THE POPECHARLES KINGSLEY ON TEMPORAL POWERFOOTNOTESCHAPTER III. THE HIGH NOON OF THE PAPACYTHE DREAM OF OTTO IIITHE GERMAN POPESTHE COLLEGE OF CARDINALSMILMAN ON THE MISSION OF THE PAPACYGREGORY’S SYNOD AT ROMEBRYCE ON THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE CONCORDATRIVAL CLAIMANTSADRIAN’S FIRMNESSTWO RIVAL POPESINNOCENT IIITHE INFLUENCE OF THE CRUSADES ON PAPAL POWERTHE AUTOCRACY OF INNOCENT IIIUNIVERSAL SWAY OF THE POPEMILMAN’S ESTIMATE OF INNOCENT IIIFREDERICK II AT WAR WITH THE PAPACYCOUNCIL AT LYONSACCESSION OF BONIFACE VIIIPHILIP THE FAIR OVERPOWERS THE PAPACYHALLAM ON THE CLIMAX OF PAPAL POWERFOOTNOTESCHAPTER IV. FROM EXILE TO SUPREMACYCLEMENT VTHE FATE OF THE TEMPLARSJOHN XXII TO URBAN VTHE GREAT SCHISM OF THE WEST (1378-1417 A.D.)RELATION OF THE NATIONAL CHURCHES TO THE STATEMORAL CONDITION OF THE CLERGYTHE GREAT COUNCILS OF PISA AND CONSTANCE; JOHN HUSSMILMAN ON NICHOLAS V AND THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLEPOPES TO 1503ALEXANDER VI, THE BORGIAJULIUS IIPREVALENCE OF SECULARISM IN THE CHURCHFOOTNOTESBRIEF REFERENCE-LIST OF AUTHORITIES BY CHAPTERSCHAPTER I. ORIGIN AND RISE OF THE PAPACYCHAPTER II. “THE NIGHT OF THE PAPACY”--CHARLEMAGNE TO OTTO THE GREATCHAPTER III. THE HIGH NOON OF THE PAPACYCHAPTER IV. FROM EXILE TO SUPREMACY