THE POPES FROM THE DEATH OF JULIUS II. [1513-1903 A.D.]

(1The main political events of the papacy during this period are treated in the History of Italy; the list of popes is continued here for the sake of completeness.)

21513 =Leo X=, Giovanni de’ Medici. Concordat with Francis I concerning appointment of French bishops (1515). Authorisation of sale of indulgences (1517) brings about the Reformation. Annexes Urbino and Perugia to the papal states. Alliance with Charles V against Francis I. A great patron of literature and art.

31522 =Adrian VI=, tutor of Charles V. Attempts reforms, but is unable to stay the progress of the Reformation.

41523 =Clement VII=, Giulio de’ Medici. Enters the league against Charles V. Imprisoned at the sack of Rome (1527). Forbids the divorce of Henry VIII (1534).

51534 =Paul III=, Alessandro Farnese. Approves the establishment of the Jesuits (1540) and calls Council of Trent (1545). Makes his son duke of Parma and Piacenza.

61550 =Julius III= (Gianmaria de’ Medici).

71555 =Marcellus II=, Marcellus Cervius, dies in three weeks. =Paul IV=, Giovanni Pietro Caraffa, intolerant and tyrannical. Quarrels with Philip II of Spain who besieges Rome and makes Paul sue for peace.

81559 =Pius IV=, Giovanni Angelo de’ Medici.

91566 =Pius V=, Michele Ghislieri. A violent persecutor of dissenters.

101572 =Gregory XIII=, Ugo Buoncompagni. Introduces the Gregorian calendar.

111585 =Sixtus V=, Felice Peretti. Builds Vatican library and other great works.

121590 =Urban VII=, Giovanni Battista Castagna, lives thirteen days. =Gregory XIV=, Niccolo Sfondrati.

131591 =Innocent IX=, Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti. Lives two months.

141592 =Clement VIII=, Ippolito Aldobrandini. The Molinist and Jansenist controversy begins. Ferrara annexed to the papal states.

151604 =Leo XI=, Alessandro de’ Medici. Dies in four weeks. =Paul V=, Camillo Borghese. Contest with Venice in regard to ecclesiastical authority.

161621 =Gregory XV=, Alessandro Ludovisi. Founds the congregation of the Propaganda.

171623 =Urban VIII=, Maffeo Barberini. Supports France in Thirty Years’ War; annexes Urbino to his states.

181644 =Innocent X=, Giovanni Battista Pamfili. Condemns Treaty of Westphalia and the Jansenists.

191655 =Alexander VII=, Fabio Chigi. Louis XIV takes Avignon from him (1662).

201667 =Clement IX=, Giulio Rospigliosi. Temporary peace between the French Jansenists and Jesuits.

211670 =Clement X=, Emilio Altieri.

221676 =Innocent XI=, Benedetto Odescalchi. Controversy with Louis XIV over the ambassador’s privileges at Rome.

231689 =Alexander VIII=, Pietro Ottoboni. Aids Venice against the Turks.

241691 =Innocent XII=, Antonio Pignatelli.

251700 =Clement XI=, Giovanni Francesco Albani. Jansenist controversy renewed in France. Clement aids pretender to the English throne.

261721 =Innocent XIII=, Michelangelo Conti.

271724 =Benedict XIII=, Vincenzo Marco Orsini. Makes an ineffectual attempt to reconcile all divisions of Christianity.

281730 =Clement XII=, Lorenzo Corsini.

291740 =Benedict XIV=, Prospero Lambertini.

301758 =Clement XIII=, Carlo della Torre di Rezzonico. The papacy loses Avignon for the second time (1768). The Neapolitans seize Benevento.

311769 =Clement XIV=, Giovanni Vincenzo Antonio Ganganelli. He suppresses the Jesuits.

321775 =Pius VI=, Giovanni Angelo Braschi. The French seize his states and carry him to France a prisoner.

331800 =Pius VII=, Gregorio Luigi Barnaba Chiaramonti. Ratifies concordat with France; crowns Napoleon emperor (1804). The French take his states and imprison him (1809). Is restored 1814.

341823 =Leo XII=, Annibale della Genga.

351829 =Pius VIII=, Francesco Castiglione.

361831 =Gregory XVI=, Bartolommeo Alberto Cappellari.

371846 =Pius IX=, Mastai Ferretti. Begins as a reformer but afterwards changes his policy. In 1870 the last of his dominions are added to the kingdom of Italy.

381878 =Leo XIII=, Giacchino Pecci.

39[Illustration]