IV.

11076 Henry calls diet at Worms and declares pope deposed. Gregory excommunicates Henry, who is suspended from his royal office by Diet of Tribur.

21077 Henry humbles himself before the pope at Canossa. Gregory establishes the principle of the papal power to judge kings.

31080 Second excommunication of Henry. His adherents call a council and declare Gregory deposed. Election of Guibert, archbishop of Ravenna, _Clement III_, as anti-pope.

41084 Henry finally takes Rome. Gregory shuts himself in the castle of St. Angelo. Clement crowns Henry emperor. The Normans take Rome. Robert Guiscard releases Gregory, who goes to Salerno and dies the following year. Clement III rules at Rome.

51086 The cardinals elect Desiderius, abbot of Monte Cassino, =Victor III=, pope. He lives mostly at Monte Cassino.

61087 Death of Victor.

71088 Five months after Victor’s death Eudes, bishop of Ostia, =Urban II=, is elected pope. He resides at Monte Cassino.

81094 Urban in Rome. Clement holds only the Vatican, St. Angelo, and the Lateran.

91095 Urban preaches the First Crusade in France. Council of Clermont.

101099 =Paschal II.= He expels Clement III from Rome, who dies the following year.

111100 On Clement’s death, _Theodore_, anti-pope, is elected by the imperial party. He falls into Paschal’s hands and condemned to be a hermit.

121102 _Albert_ anti-pope--he is thrust into a monastery.

131105 _Silvester IV_, anti-pope. He is eventually deposed by the emperor himself.

141106 On death of Henry IV, the question of investiture is renewed with Henry V.

151110 Henry V makes a warlike descent on Italy. Treaty of Sutri, compromising rights of the church.

161111 Paschal refuses to crown Henry, who imprisons both pope and cardinals. Paschal compelled to bestow the crown on Henry.

171115 Death of the countess Matilda, leaving her possessions to the pope. Henry threatens another visit to Rome.

181116 Excommunication of Henry in the Lateran Council. Henry advances on Rome. The pope retreats to Benevento.

191118 Paschal returns to Rome. He dies. The cardinals elect Giovanni da Gaeta, =Gelasius II=. He is at once seized by Cencius Frangipani. The Transteverines compel his surrender. Henry V arrives in Rome. The pope flees to Gaeta, where he is consecrated. Henry, with the assent of the people, makes Maurice Bourdin, _Gregory VIII_, anti-pope. On Henry’s departure, Gelasius returns to Rome, but, again attacked, leaves Rome for France.

201119 Death of Gelasius at Lyons. Election of Guido, archbishop of Vienne, =Calixtus II=. He excommunicates Henry and the anti-pope, and sets out for Rome.

211120 Calixtus captures Gregory and submits him to great degradation.

221121 Death of Gregory in prison. _Celestine II_ anti-pope.

231122 The Concordat of Worms settles the question of investiture. The emperor cedes the right of investiture by ring and staff. The pope allows the election of bishops and abbots according to canonical procedure in the presence of the emperor, but without bribery or compulsion.

241124 Lambert di Fagnano, =Honorius II=, elected through the Frangipani influence. He rules in peace with Germany, but heads the papal forces in the south of Italy.

251130 At death of Honorius, a portion of the cardinals elect Gregorio de’ Papi, =Innocent II=. The remainder choose Peter Leonis, _Anacletus II_, who gains the support of Roger of Sicily. Innocent wins over Bernard of Clairvaux, and, through him, Lothair II.

261132 Lothair goes to Italy against Anacletus and Roger.

271133 Coronation of Lothair by Innocent, who gives him the allodial possessions of the countess Matilda as a fief.

281138 Death of Anacletus settles the disputed election. Gregorio Conti, _Victor IV_, the new anti-pope, holds out for two months. All Rome acknowledges Innocent.

291139 Great Lateran Council. It condemns Arnold of Brescia. The pope asserts his unlimited power over the episcopal order. Innocent goes to war with Roger of Sicily and is taken prisoner. He is released on recognising Roger’s title and kingdom.

301143 Guido di Castello, =Celestine II=.

311144 =Lucius II.= The Roman people carry out the plans of Arnold of Brescia, institute a republic, and accept only the spiritual authority of the pope. Lucius appeals to the emperor, Conrad, in vain.

321145 Death of Lucius while storming the Capitol. The abbot, Bernard, of Pisa, =Eugenius III=, succeeds. He recovers Rome from Arnold of Brescia. The republic capitulates.

331146 Arnold regains Rome. Eugenius flees to France. He becomes the satellite of Bernard of Clairvaux. Council of Vézelay promotes Second Crusade.

341153 Conrad, bishop of Sabina, =Anastasius IV=.

351154 Nicholas Breakspear, =Adrian IV=.

361155 Rome put under religious interdiction. The clergy and people compel the senate to yield. Banishment and execution of Arnold of Brescia. Coronation of Frederick Barbarossa.

371156 Frederick retires to Germany. Alliance of Adrian with Sicily.

381157 Quarrel of Frederick and Adrian.

391158 Frederick goes to Italy to settle quarrel.

401159 Frederick threatened with excommunication. Adrian dies. The election divided: Rolando Ranuci, =Alexander III=, and Octavian, cardinal of St. Cecilia, _Victor IV_.

411160 Frederick summons Council of Pavia to decide claim of the two popes. On account of Alexander’s haughty attitude Frederick recognises Victor.

421162 After many struggles with Victor, Alexander takes refuge in France.

431164 Death of Victor. Guido of Crema, _Paschal III_, chosen by a small faction to succeed as anti-pope. He does not dare enter Rome.

441165 Alexander returns to Rome where the senate receives him.

451167 Frederick takes Rome and installs Paschal. His second coronation by Paschal.

461168 The cause of Paschal much weakened by departure of Frederick. Death of Paschal. John, bishop of Tusculum, _Calixtus III_ succeeds as anti-pope. His power grows weaker.

471176 Frederick makes armistice with pope and Lombards after defeat at Legnano.

481177 Reconciliation of Frederick and Alexander at Venice.

491178 Calixtus abdicates his title. End of the schism.

501181 Ubaldo Allucingoli, =Lucius III=.

511182 Rebellion in Rome drives Lucius out.

521185 Humbert Crivelli, =Urban III=. He lives chiefly at Verona. He quarrels with Frederick over several matters.

531187 Death of Urban as he is about to excommunicate Frederick. Albert, cardinal of San Lorenzo, =Gregory VIII=. He preaches a crusade. He goes to Pisa to settle quarrel between Genoa and Pisa and dies. Paolo Scolari, =Clement III=.

541188 Clement makes peace with the Roman people.

551191 Giacinto Orsini, =Celestine III=. Surrender of Tusculum to the Romans.

561194 The pope excommunicates Henry VI for his cruelty to the Sicilians.

571198 Lothario Conti, =Innocent III=. His pontificate marks the culmination of the papal power. Innocent preaches the Fifth Crusade. He compels the prefect of Rome to swear allegiance to him, thus practically establishing the temporal sovereignty of the pope over Rome. He orders the seneschal Markwald of Anweiler to surrender the march of Ancona. Death of Constanza. Markwald lays claim to the administration of Sicily. Association of Guelfs with papal party.

581199 Conrad of Lutzenberg, count of Spoleto, is forced to return to Germany. The Italian cities welcome Innocent as a deliverer.

591201 Decision in favour of Otto IV, of Germany. Defeat of Markwald by Walter de Brienne and the papal army. Innocent compels Philip Augustus to take back his divorced wife.

601202 Alfonso IX refuses to annul his marriage to his cousin. Papal interdict in the kingdom of Leon. Innocent protests against the crusaders’ expedition against Zara.

611204 Innocent sends legate to crown Joannice king of Bulgaria. Dominic begins to preach in Languedoc.

621208 Resistance of King John of England to the consecration of Stephen Langton as archbishop of Canterbury. Interdiction placed on England.

631209 Otto abandons the lands of the countess Matilda and other territories in Italy to the pope. Innocent crowns him. Excommunication of King John. Crusade against the Albigenses is begun.

641210 Excommunication of Otto who has not given up all the territories he promised. Foundation of the Franciscan order.

651212 Innocent makes Frederick II king of Germany. He deposes King John and offers crown of England to Philip Augustus.

661213 John submits to the pope.

671215 Innocent attempts to annul Magna Charta. Fourth Lateran Council. Transubstantiation a doctrine. Auricular confession enforced. Coronation of Frederick II as king of Germany, who promises to undertake a crusade.

681216 Confirmation of the Dominican order. Death of Innocent. Cencio Savelli, =Honorius III=, elected.

691217 Honorius obliges Andrew of Hungary to undertake a crusade.

701220 Coronation of Frederick as emperor. He renews promises to go to the Holy Land.

711223 Congress at Ferentino. Frederick pledges himself to start within two years.

721225 Frederick obtains another delay. On account of trouble with the senate Honorius goes to Tivoli.

731227 Ugolino Conti, =Gregory IX=. He excommunicates Frederick, who makes an unsuccessful attempt to start for the Holy Land. Ezzelino da Romano drives the Guelfs out of Verona and Vicenza.

741228 Second excommunication of Frederick for starting without absolution. The pope sends his army into Apulia.

751229 The papal army ravages Apulia but Frederick hastens back from Syria to recover his territory. He is excommunicated a third time. Close of the Albigensian Crusade. Council of Toulouse forbids reading of Scripture by laymen and adopts severe measures for the suppression of heresy.

761230 The pope and Frederick are reconciled. Great flood in Rome.

771231 Negotiations are opened for the union of the Greek and Latin churches.

781232 Tribunals of the Inquisition established in southern France.

791233 The Germans put to death the first inquisitor.

801234 Rising in Rome drives Gregory from the city.

811238 League of Venice, Genoa, and the pope against Frederick, on account of his growing power and successes in Lombardy.

821239 Excommunication of Frederick and charges preferred against him.

831240 Gregory proclaims a crusade against Frederick, who invades the papal territory.

841241 Frederick’s fleets capture twenty-two Genoese galleys, containing many ecclesiastics on their way to a council at Rome. They are imprisoned. Death of Gregory. Goffredo Castiglione, =Celestine IV=, elected. He dies in eighteen days. The see is vacant.

851243 Frederick releases some of the imprisoned ecclesiastics that an election may take place. Senibaldi di Fieschi, =Innocent IV=, is chosen. Peace negotiations fail.

861244 Innocent escapes to Lyons.

871245 Innocent calls the Thirteenth General Council at Lyons. Frederick is excommunicated and deposed.

881246 Louis IX fails in an attempt to reconcile Innocent and Frederick. Innocent demands large sums from England, France, and Italy, to prosecute his struggle with Frederick, and this causes great discontent in those countries.

891247 Frederick besieges the papal forces in Parma.

901248 Frederick raises the siege.

911250 Death of Frederick.

921251 Return of Innocent to Italy. He goes to Perugia to reside. Excommunication of Conrad. The pope incites Sicily and Apulia to rebellion. Manfred puts the rebels down.

931252 Conrad IV and Manfred attack Naples, and capture Capua.

941253 Surrender of Naples to Conrad.

951254 The pope bestows the crown of Sicily on Prince Edmund of England. Death of Innocent, at Naples, on an expedition against Manfred. Rinaldo di Segni, =Alexander IV=. Rise of the Flagellants.

961255 The people of Messina expel the papal governor. The papal legate makes treaty with Manfred, but Alexander will not ratify it, claiming that Edmund is king of Sicily. The English parliament will not grant Edmund the money to take the throne.

971256 Manfred makes himself supreme in Sicily in the name of Conradin. Imprisonment of the senator Brancaleone, who is released by the people (1258). Establishment of the Augustine order of mendicant friars.

981257 Interdiction of Portugal on account of divorce of Alfonso